Civil Services Examinationસિવિલ સર્વિસીસ પરીક્ષા (CSE)
PYQs & Past PapersPYQs અને જૂના પેપર્સ

The Araghatta was an ancient Indian irrigation device consisting of a large wheel with earthen pots (or leather bags) attached to its rim or spokes. This wheel was typically operated by bullocks or other draft animals. As the wheel rotated, the pots would dip into a water source (well or tank) at the bottom of the rotation, fill with water, and then empty the water into irrigation channels at the top of the rotation. This created a continuous water-lifting mechanism for irrigation purposes. This technology was widely used in ancient and medieval India and represented an efficient method of lifting water from lower levels to irrigate fields at higher elevations. The system is still used in some parts of rural India today.

Artificial rainfall (cloud seeding) to reduce air pollution uses silver iodide and potassium iodide as seeding agents. Silver iodide: The primary cloud seeding agent that acts as ice nuclei, helping water droplets in clouds to freeze and form precipitation. Its crystal structure is similar to ice, making it highly effective for inducing rainfall. Potassium iodide: Used as a supplementary seeding agent that enhances the cloud seeding process and helps in the formation of precipitation. This technique is used to wash out pollutants from the atmosphere, particularly during severe air pollution episodes. The induced rainfall helps bring down suspended particulate matter and other air pollutants, providing temporary relief from poor air quality conditions.

CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are all high-energy explosive compounds used in military applications: CL-20 (Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane): One of the most powerful non-nuclear explosives known, used in advanced military munitions and rocket propellants. HMX (Cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine): A powerful and relatively insensitive explosive used in military applications, including nuclear weapon triggers and advanced conventional munitions. LLM-105 (2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide): A relatively insensitive high explosive developed for military use, offering good performance with improved safety characteristics. These compounds represent advanced explosive technology designed to provide maximum energy output while maintaining handling safety for military applications.

To calculate gross primary deficit, we use the formula: Gross Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit - Interest Payments Given information: - Fiscal deficit = ₹50,000 crores - Interest liabilities = ₹1,500 crores - Non-debt creating capital receipts = ₹10,000 crores (this doesn't affect primary deficit calculation) Calculation: Gross Primary Deficit = ₹50,000 - ₹1,500 = ₹48,500 crores The non-debt creating capital receipts are already accounted for in the fiscal deficit figure, so they don't need separate adjustment in this calculation.

To find the logic of the sequence, we look at the multipliers between consecutive terms starting from the known values. 12 times 1.5 equals 18. 18 times 2.0 equals 36. 36 times 2.5 equals 90. The multipliers are increasing by 0.5 at each step. Following this pattern backwards: The multiplier before 1.5 must be 1.0. Therefore, X times 1.0 equals 12. This gives X equal to 12. To verify, the multiplier before 1.0 must be 0.5. 24 times 0.5 equals 12. The pattern is: 24 times 0.5 equals 12. 12 times 1.0 equals 12. 12 times 1.5 equals 18. 18 times 2.0 equals 36. 36 times 2.5 equals 90. Thus, X is 12. The correct option is B.